England and Wales guide · updated 2026-07-21

Letter before claim: facts, evidence and pre-action conduct

A useful letter before claim is not an aggressive demand. It identifies the parties, material facts, legal relationship, breach, loss, evidence, remedy and a proportionate period for response while preserving a clear record of what was sent.

Identify the correct protocol

Check whether a specific pre-action protocol applies to the dispute. The expected information, documents, response period and steps can differ by claim type. Where no specific protocol applies, the general practice direction remains relevant.

State a precise factual case

Set out the relationship, material events, promises or duties, alleged breach and resulting loss in chronological order. Separate what is documented from what is disputed and avoid exaggeration or unsupported accusations.

Explain the remedy and calculation

State the amount or other outcome sought and show how each component is calculated. Identify payments, credits, interest or continuing losses accurately. An unexplained round figure weakens the letter and can make a response harder.

Exchange the necessary material

Identify the core documents relied on and request specific records genuinely needed to understand the opposing position. The aim is to clarify issues and support proportionate resolution, not to overwhelm the recipient.

Preserve the record

Use a reliable address and method, retain the final signed version and evidence of sending, and record the response date. Before issuing any claim, check limitation, jurisdiction, fee, defendant details and the current issue process.

Practical checklist

  • read the complete notice, claim, decision or agreement
  • record issue, receipt, service and hearing dates
  • identify the exact outcome required
  • separate supported facts from assumptions
  • link each disputed point to a document or other evidence
  • check the current official form, fee, filing and service route
  • verify every statement before signing or filing
Official sources

Check the current rule and process

Prepare a document

Use your own facts and files.

Prepare the document
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